Understanding the complexity of Tityus serrulatus venom: A focus on high molecular weight components

Tityus serrulatus scorpion is responsible for a significant number of envenomings in Brazil, ranging from mild to severe, and in some cases, leading to fatalities. While supportive care is the primary treatment modality, moderate and severe cases require antivenom administration despite potential limitations and adverse effects. The remarkable proliferation of T. serrulatus scorpions, attributed to their biology and asexual reproduction, contributes to a high incidence of envenomation. T. serrulatus scorpion venom predominantly consists of short proteins acting as neurotoxins (α and ß), that primarily target ion channels. Nevertheless, high molecular weight compounds, including metalloproteases, serine proteases, phospholipases, and hyaluronidases, are also present in the venom. These compounds play a crucial role in envenomation, influencing the severity of symptoms and the spread of venom. This review endeavors to comprehensively understand the T. serrulatus scorpion venom by elucidating the primary high molecular weight compounds and exploring their potential contributions to envenomation. Understanding these compounds' mechanisms of action can aid in developing more effective treatments and prevention strategies, ultimately mitigating the impact of scorpion envenomation on public health in Brazil.

Effect of lung protective ventilation on lung ventilation function, serum serum Clara cell protein 16 level and prognosis in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To analyze the effect of lung protective ventilation on lung ventilation function and serum Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) level in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery.Methods:The clinical data of 80 gynecological patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery in Yancheng City Jianhu County People′s Hospital from October 2018 to December 2020 were randomly divided into group A and group B by random number table, each group with 40 cases. The patients in group A were treated with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, and the patients in group B were ventilated with whole course ventilation mode. The pulmonary ventilation function, CC16 level and postoperative pulmonary complications were observed before anesthesia, 10 min of pneumoperitoneum, 30 min of pneumoperitoneum, 5 min of pneumoperitoneum stop and 2 h after operation. The patients were divided into groups according to whether with pulmonary complications, and their pulmonary ventilation function and serum CC16 level were compared. The predictive value of the above indexes for pulmonary complications was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:Repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that alveolar arterial oxygen differential pressure (PA-aDO 2) were significant differences in time point factors, time point interaction factors and group factors ( P<0.05); CC16 index were significant differences in time point factor and group factor ( P<0.05). According to the observation from postoperative to discharge, 4 patients (10.0%) in group A had pulmonary complications, 15 cases (37.5%) had pulmonary complications in group B, the levels of PA-aDO 2 and CC16 in patients with complications were significantly higher than those in patients without complications: group A:(332.9 ± 2.0) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) vs. (290.4 ± 13.2) mmHg, (53.5 ± 1.5) μg/L vs. (39.5 ± 6.5) μg/L; group B: (339.1 ± 8.8) mmHg vs. (305.7 ± 17.9) mmHg, (41.5 ± 4.2) μg/L vs. (39.7 ± 5.8) μg/L, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC) of PA-aDO 2 and CC16 in predicting pulmonary complications in group A were 0.882 and 0.833, in group B was 0.885 and 0.731. Conclusions:Lung protective ventilation has little effect on lung ventilation function and serum CC16 in patients with gynecological laparoscopic surgery, and the probability of pulmonary complications is lower. The pulmonary ventilation function and CC16 have certain value in predicting postoperative pulmonary complications.

Ultrashort wave alleviates oxygen -glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury via up -regulation of SPCA1 expression in N2a cells / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Application of ultrashort wave (USW) to rats with cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury could inhibit the decrease of expression of secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase 1 (SPCA1), an important participant in Golgi stress, reduce the damage of Golgi apparatus and the apoptosis of neuronal cells, thereby alleviating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study aims to investigate the effect of USW on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury and the expression of SPCA1 at the cellular level.@*METHODS@#N2a cells were randomly divided into a control (Con) group, an OGD/R group, and an USW group. The cells in the Con group were cultured without exposure to OGD. The cells in the OGD/R group were treated with OGD/R. The cells in the USW group were treated with USW after OGD/R. Cell morphology was observed under the inverted phase-contrast optical microscope, cell activity was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and SPCA1 expression was detected by Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#Most of the cells in the Con group showed spindle shape with a clear outline and good adhesion. In the OGD/R group, cells were wrinkled, with blurred outline, poor adhesion, and lots of suspended dead cells appeared; compared with the OGD/R group, the cell morphology and adherence were improved, with clearer outlines and fewer dead cells in the USW group. Compared with the Con group, the OGD/R group showed decreased cell activity, increased apoptotic rate, and down-regulating SPCA1 expression with significant differences (all P<0.001); compared with the OGD/R group, the USW group showed increased cell activity, decreased apoptotic rate, and up-regulating SPCA1 expression with significant differences (P<0.01 or P<0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#USW alleviates the injury of cellular OGD/R, and its protective effect may be related to its up-regulation of SPCA1 expression.

Secretory expression of human thyroid stimulating hormone receptor A subunit in sf9 insect cell system / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To construct the secretory expression system of insect cells to express the secretory TSHR A subunit protein in the ovarian cells of Spotoma oryzae (sf9). 【Methods】 A recombinant plasmid containing the target protein was constructed, and then the positive bacmid was screened out by the blue and white spots experiment. The verified bacmid was transfected into SF9 insect cells to obtain recombinant baculovirus. The virus was amplified, and the titer level was detected by virus plaque assay. Finally, Western blotting was used to identify the expression of the recombinant protein and optimize the expression conditions. 【Results】 During the construction of the protein expression system, PCR identification and sequencing results confirmed the correctness of the sequences of the recombinant plasmid and the recombinant bacmid. After the transfection of the bacmid, the signs of virus budding were observed in sf9 cells. The virus was collected and amplified. The titer of P1 generation virus was 2×107 pfu/m according to the plaque assay. The recombinant protein was identified by Western blotting and confirmed to be exogenous into the culture medium. The optimal condition for virus infection and protein expression was 72 h after the infection when the multiplicity of infection (MOI) was 1. 【Conclusion】 We constructed an insect cell expression system secreting TSHR 22-289 (55 ku), and the protein could be successfully glycolyzed. This system provides a preliminary basis for the construction and production of its industrial platform and also provides a useful tool for studies on TSHR protein and prevention of GO in the future.

Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in down-regulation of Clara cell secretory protein expression during endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the down-regulation of Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) expression during endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats.Methods:Twenty-four clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=6 each) using a random number table method: normal control group (group C), acute lung injury (ALI) group, ALI+ AhR antagonist group, and ALI+ vehicle group. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) 1 mg/kg was intratracheally instilled to develop the model of lung injury, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group C. At 2 h before LPS injection, AhR antagonist 6, 2′, 4′-trimethoxyflavone solution 5 mg/kg (diluted to 1 ml in dimethyl sulfoxide solution) was intraperitoneally injected in ALI+ AhR antagonist group, while dimethyl sulfoxide solution 1 ml was given in ALI+ vehicle group. The rats were sacrificed under anesthesia at 48 h after LPS administration. The left lung was lavaged and the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for determination of the concentrations of CCSP by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression of CCSP in the bronchial epithelium in right lung tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results:Compared with group C, the expression of CCSP in the bronchial epithelium was significantly down-regulated, and the concentrations of CCSP in BALF were decreased in the other three groups ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Compared with ALI group and ALI+ vehicle group, the histopathological injury was significantly reduced, the expression of CCSP in the bronchial epithelium was up-regulated, and the concentrations of CCSP in BALF were increased in ALI+ AhR antagonist group ( P<0.01). Conclusions:AhR partially mediates the down-regulation of CCSP expression during endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats.

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of the parotid: An arduous maze to solve

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is an unusual and rare salivary gland malignancy that recapitulates the genetic and microscopic features of secretory carcinoma of the breast (SCB) which is an equally rare entity. MASC and SCB express S-100 protein, vimentin, mammaglobin, and harbor a t (12; 15) (p13; q25) translocation which leads to ETV6-NTRK3 fusion product. The morphology of MASC is not specific and can overlap with many salivary gland tumors. S100 and mammaglobin抯 strong positivity confirm the diagnosis of MASC. The morphology along with immunohistochemical findings provides important clues for diagnosis. Recent advances in molecular pathology help in investigating both differential diagnosis and prognosis in salivary gland oncology. Molecular testing is recommended to arrive at a diagnosis of MASC. We report a case of MASC of the parotid gland in a 47-year-old male patient with his immunohistochemical profile.

Analysis of clinicopathological features and survival results in secretory breast carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma of breast based on SEER database / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To analyze the differences of clinicopathological features and prognosis between secretory breast carcinoma (SBC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and to explore the influence of SBC on the prognosis of breast cancer.Methods:We retrieved data of patients diagnosed with SBC and IDC from The National Cancer Institute′s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 1990 and 2016. 109 cases of SBC (SBC group) and 558 814 cases of IDC (IDC group) were collected. The clinicopathological features were compared between SBC and IDC groups. The tendency score matching method was used to match the balance confounding factors according to 1∶4 proportion. The breast cancer-specific survival time (BCSS) and overall survival time (OS) of the two histological types of breast cancer before and after matching were analyzed. The survival curve was drawn using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine the independent prognostic factors of breast cancer.Results:There were significant difference in diagnostic age, marital status, sex, histological grade, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) N stage, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression between SBC and IDC group (all P<0.05). The BCSS of SBC group was similar to IDC group, and OS was better than IDC ( P<0.05). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis showed that diagnostic age, race, marriage, sex, location, histological grade, AJCC stage, treatment mode and ER, PR expression were all related factors affecting BCSS and OS (all P<0.05). SBC was an independent prognostic factor for OS ( P<0.05). After propensity score matching according to 1∶4, there was no significant difference in BCSS and OS between the two groups ( P<0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that AJCC T stage and PR negative expression were the influencing factors of BCSS (all P<0.05), and diagnostic age and AJCC T stage were the influencing factors of OS (all P<0.05). SBC was no longer an influencing factor of OS in breast cancer. Conclusions:There was no significant difference in prognosis between SBC and IDC. SBC was not an independent risk factor for breast cancer.

Advances in relationship between cell senescence and atherosclerosis / 浙江大学学报·医学版

Cellular senescence is a biological process associated with the degeneration of cell structure and function, which contribute to age-related diseases. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause a variety of cardiovascular disorders. In this article, we review the effects of cellular senescence on the development of atherosclerosis through diverse physiopathological changes, focusing on the alterations in senescent organelles and the increased senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and exploring the relevant therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis by clearing senescent cells and reducing SASP, to provide new insights for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor inhibits the inflammatory response and apoptosis of lipopolysaccharide-induced human proximal renal tubular cells / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To screen out the potential key genes of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI), and provide theoretical and experimental evidence for the treatment of sepsis-associated AKI.Methods:① Bioinformatics analysis: two gene expression datasets (GSE30718 and GSE53773) were downloaded for bioinformatics analysis from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). These two datasets recorded mRNA microarray data from kidney biopsies before and after kidney transplantation, and a subset of patients developed AKI after kidney transplantation. Differential analysis was conducted, and the genes with the same differential expression and a higher area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) in both databases were used as the target gene for subsequent cell experiments. ② Cell validation experiment: human proximal renal tubular cells HK2 were cultured in vitro, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for establishing LPS-HK2 cell model (LPS 10 mg/L for 6 hours, LPS model group), and the blank control group was set. Then, small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to knock down the target gene obtained by bioinformatics analysis in LPS-HK2 cells (gene knockdown group), and a gene negative control group was set. The real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique was used to detect the expression of the target gene in HK2 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors in the cell supernatants. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of key apoptosis proteins. Results:① Results of bioinformatics analysis: 325 genes in the two datasets showed the same expression trend, of which 144 were significantly down-regulated and 181 were significantly up-regulated, while the expression difference of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in the two datasets was both statistically significant. Further receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis confirmed that the SLPI expression in GSE30718 and GSE53773 datasets had a high diagnostic efficiency for AKI, with AUC of 0.83 and 0.92, respectively. Therefore, SLPI was selected as the target gene for subsequent cell validation experiment. ② Cell validation experiment: the RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of SLPI in LPS-HK2 cells of the LPS model group was significantly higher than that of the blank control group (2 -ΔΔCT: 1.80±0.14 vs. 1.00±0.11, P < 0.01), and the change trend was the same with the results of bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, knockdown SLPI gene analysis showed that the levels of inflammatory factors in LPS-HK2 cells supernatants in the gene knockdown group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group [Interleukin-6 (IL-6, ng/L): 509.58±27.08 vs. 253.87±75.83, IL-1β (ng/L): 490.99±49.52 vs. 239.67±26.97, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, ng/L): 755.22±48.66 vs. 502.06±10.92, all P < 0.01]. The above results indicated that SLPI could inhibit the inflammatory response of HK2 cells induced by LPS. The expressions of key apoptosis proteins Bax and caspase-3 in LPS-HK2 cells in the gene knockdown group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group [Bax protein (Bax/GAPDH): 1.38±0.12 vs. 1.00±0.10, caspase-3 protein (caspase-3/GAPDH): 1.44±0.15 vs. 1.00±0.11, both P < 0.05], and Bcl-2 expression was significantly decreased (Bcl-2/GAPDH: 0.83±0.08 vs. 1.00±0.05, P < 0.05), the above results indicated that SLPI could inhibit the apoptosis of cells in the inflammatory response. Conclusion:SLPI can inhibit the inflammatory response and apoptosis of HK2 cells induced by LPS, which may be involved in the protective mechanism of renal tubular cells in the response to sepsis, and is a potential target for the treatment of sepsis-associated AKI.

Effect of oropharyngeal colostrum administration on salivary secretory IgA levels in extremely/very low birth weight infants fed by gastric tube / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the effect of oropharyngeal colostrum administration on salivary secretory IgA (sIgA) levels in extremely/very low birth weight preterm infants fed by gastric tube.Methods:Preterm infants with birth weight <1 500 g ( n=90) hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit of the Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Southern Medical University from August 2020 to January 2021 were enrolled as research subjects. They were assigned into observation group and control group. The observation group accepted oropharyngeal administration of colostrum before being fed by gastric tube once every 3 hours for 7 days. The control group was given normal saline before each feeding. Other nursing interventions were consistent with the observation group. Saliva samples were collected at the 2 hour and 7 day after birth and the levels of slgA were tested. SPSS 26.0 statistical software was applied to analyse the data. Results:A total of 81 preterm infants completed this study. The content of salivary sIgA in observation group (42 cases) on 7 day after birth were significantly higher than those on the 2 hour after birth [15.4 (0.6, 106.7) μg/ml vs. 0.6 (0.0, 5.3) μg/ml] ( P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the sIgA levels in the saliva of the control group (39 cases) at the 7 postnatal day and 2 hour after birth [0.0 (0.0, 1.4) μg/ml vs. 0.0 (0.0, 5.2) μg/ml] ( P>0.05). The content of salivary sIgA in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group on the 7 day after birth, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The salivary sIgA levels in the observation group were negatively correlated with the starting time of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum ( r=-0.330, P<0.05), and positively correlated with the total number of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum ( r=0.388, P<0.05). Conclusions:Oropharyngeal colostrum administration can improve the levels of salivary sIgA of extremely/very low birth weight preterm infants fed by gastric tube.

Protective effect of excretory-secretory proteins from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae against myocardial injury in septic mice / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the protective effect of excretory-secretory proteins from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (Ts-MES) on sepsis-induced myocardial injury in mice.@*METHODS@#Eighty male BALB/C mice were randomized equally into sham-operated group, myocardial injury group, Ts-MES treatment group and dexamethasone treatment group. In the latter 3 groups, sepsis-induced myocardial injury models were established by cecal ligation and perforation; the sham operation was performed by exposure of the cecum without ligation or perforation. Forty minutes after the operation, the mice were given intraperitoneal injections 150 μL PBS, 20 μg TS-MES or 0.3 mg/kg dexamethasone as indicated. At 12 h after the operation, 6 mice were randomly selected from each group for echocardiography, and 8 mice were used for observing the survival rate within 72 h. The remaining 6 mice were examined for myocardial pathologies with HE staining and serum levels of NTPro-BNP and cTnI with ELISA; the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β in the serum and myocardial tissue were detected using ELISA and qRT-PCR.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the sham-operated mice, the septic mice showed significantly decreased cardiac function indexes (LVEF, LVFS, and E/A) with lowered survival rate within 72 h (P < 0.001) and significantly higher myocardial injury scores and serum levels of NTPro-BNP and cTnI (P < 0.01). Treatment with TS-MES significantly improved the cardiac function and 72-h survival rate (P < 0.05) and lowered the myocardial injury scores and serum levels of NTPro-BNP and cTnI (P < 0.05) in the septic mice. Compared with the sham-operated mice, the septic mice had obviously increased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the serum and myocardial tissue (P < 0.001), which were significantly lowered by treatment with TS-MES (P < 0.05). TS-MES and dexamethasone both increased the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in the septic mice, but the changes were significant only in TS-MES-treated mice (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Ts-MES are capable of protecting against myocardial injury in septic mice by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing the levels of regulatory cytokines.

Eukaryotic expression and antigen epitope prediction of the LRRC15 protein in excretory secretory antigens of Taenia solium cysticercus / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To conduct eukaryotic expression of the leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15), a differentially expressed protein in excretory secretory antigens of Taenia solium cysticercus, and predict its antigen epitope.@*METHODS@#The molecular weight, stability, amino acid sequence composition, isoelectric point and T lymphocyte epitope of the LRRC15 protein were predicted using the bioinformatics online softwares ExPASy-PortParam and Protean. The full-length splicing primers were designed using PCR-based accurate synthesis, and the LRRC15 gene was synthesized. The recombinant pcDNA3.4-LRRC15 plasmid was constructed and transfected into HEK293 cells to express the LRRC15 protein. In addition, the LRRC15 protein was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#The recombinant pcDNA3.4-LRRC15 plasmid was successfully constructed, which expressed the target LRRC15 protein with an approximately molecular weight of 70 kDa. Bioinformatics prediction with the ExPASy-PortParam software showed that LRRC15 was a hydrophilic protein, which was consisted of 644 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 69.89 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.6. The molecular formula of the LRRC15 protein was C3073H4942N846O953S28 and had an instability coefficient is 50.3, indicating that LRRC15 was an instable protein. Bioinformatics prediction with the Protean software showed that the dominant T-cell antigen epitopes were located in 292 to 295, 353 to 361, 521 to 526 and 555 to 564 amino acids of the LRRC15 protein, and the T-cell antigen epitopes with a high hydrophilicity, good flexibility, high surface accessibility and high antigenicity index were found in 122 to 131, 216 to 233, 249 to 254, 333 to 343, 358 to 361, 368 to 372, 384 to 386, 407 to 412, 445 to 450, 469 to 481, 553 to 564, 588 to 594, 607 to 617 and 624 to 639 amino acids. Following transfection of the recombinant pcDNA3.4-LRRC15 plasmid into HEK293 cells, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting identified LRRC15 proteins in cell secretory culture media, cell lysis supernatants and sediments. The LRRC15-His fusion protein was purified from the cell culture medium, and SDS-PAGE identified a remarkable band at approximately 70 kDa, while Western blotting successfully recognized the band of the recombinant LRRC15 protein.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The eukaryotic expression and antigen epitope prediction of the LRRC15 protein in the excretory secretory antigens of T. solium cysticercus have been successfully performed, which provides insights into further understandings of its biological functions.

Research advances in abnormal activation and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in acute pancreatitis / 临床肝胆病杂志

Abnormal activation and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in pancreatic acinar cells is one of the important pathogeneses of acute pancreatitis (AP) and can directly damage the pancreatic tissue to accelerate disease progression and induce severe AP. At present, the drugs inhibiting the abnormal activation and secretion of pancreatic enzymes tend to have an unsatisfactory effect in clinical practice, and therefore, it is of great importance to search for new therapeutic targets. This article summarizes the pathological events of abnormal activation and secretion of pancreatic enzymes (cytoplasmic calcium overload, colocalization of lysosomes and zymogen granules, organelle injury, obstructed apical secretion of trypsin, and increased basal secretion of trypsin), collects the molecular mechanisms of related events, and discusses the role of abnormal activation and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the early stage of AP, so as to provide ideas for the development of targeted drugs in the future.

Maternal vaccination as an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling: Anti-infective properties of breast milk

Abstract Human milk constitutes a secretion with unique functions of both nourishing the nursling and providing protection against enteric and respiratory infections, mainly due to its content of secretory IgA antibodies but also due to the presence of a plethora of bioactive factors. Specific IgA antibodies are produced locally by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes that migrate from other mucosae to the mammary gland during lactation, particularly from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Therefore, here, the authors will provide a comprehensive review of the content and functions of different nutritional and bioactive anti-infectious components from breast milk, such as oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, haptocorrin, α-lactalbumin, k-casein, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, mucin, fatty acids, defensins, cytokines and chemokines, hormones and growth factors, complement proteins, leukocytes and nucleic acids, including microRNAs, among many others, and the induction of antibody responses in breast milk after maternal vaccination with several licensed vaccines, including the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine preparations used worldwide. Currently, in the midst of the pandemic, maternal vaccination has re-emerged as a crucial source of passive immunity to the neonate through the placenta and breastfeeding, considering that maternal vaccination can induce specific antibodies if performed during pregnancy and after delivery. There have been some reports in the literature about milk IgA antibodies induced by bacterial antigens or inactivated virus vaccines, such as anti-diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, anti-influenza viruses, anti-pneumococcal and meningococcal polysaccharide preparations. Regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, most studies demonstrate elevated levels of specific IgA and IgG antibodies in milk with virus-neutralizing ability after maternal vaccination, which represents an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling during the entire breastfeeding period.

Perfil clínico e audiológico de pacientes submetidos a timpanostomia e inserção de tubo de ventilação / Clinical and audiological features in patients undergoing tympanostomy tube placement

Introdução: A presença de líquido na orelha médiapode causar perdas auditivas de condução e atrasos no desenvolvimento da criança. A timpanotomia e colocação do tubo de ventilação é o tratamento para casos em que o acúmulo de secreção é persistente. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico e audiológico dos pacientes submetidos a timpanotomia e colocação do tubo de ventilação. Métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo e transversal baseado em revisão de prontuários. Resultados: Foram incluídos 69 pacientes que realizaram o procedimento. O sexo masculino correspondeu a 64% e a média de idade foi de 8 anos. Otite média secretora foi o diagnóstico predominante. Pelo menos uma comorbidade foi encontrada em 63 pacientes, com predomínio de rinite alérgica. A maioria realizou apenas 1 operação. A bilateralidade da colocação do tubo ocorreu em 57%. Amigdalectomia e/ou adenoidectomia foram frequentemente adicionadas. Hipoacusia, roncopatia, prurido nasal, obstrução nasal e respiração oral noturna foram as queixas predominantes. Em relação à audiometria, 68% evoluíram para limiares normais; já na timpanometria 62% mostraram melhora no timpanograma. Conclusão: No tratamento com colocação de tubo de ventilação bilateral houve melhora pós-operatória na audiometria e timpanometria na maioria dos casos.

Introduction: The presence of fluid in the middle ear can cause conductive hearing loss and developmental delays in children. Tympanotomy and ventilation tube placement is the treatment for cases where secretion accumulation is persistent. Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological and audiological profile of patients submitted to tympanotomy and ventilation tube placement. Methods: Observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study based on medical records. Results: 69 patients who underwent the procedure were included. Males accounted for 64% and the mean age was 8 years. Secretory otitis media was the predominant diagnosis. At least one comorbidity was found in 63 patients, with a predominance of allergic rhinitis. Most performed only 1 operation. Bilateral tube placement occurred in 57%. Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy were frequently added. Hypoacusis, snoring, nasal itching, nasal obstruction and nocturnal oral breathing were the predominant complaints. Regarding audiometry, 68% evolved to normal thresholds; in the tympanometry 62% showed improvement in the tympanogram. Conclusion: In the treatment with placement of a bilateral ventilation tube, there was postoperative improvement in audiometry and tympanometry in most cases.

Stingless bee propolis, metformin, and their combination alleviate diabetic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background and aim: Stingless bee propolis, a resinous compound processed by mandibular secretion of stingless bees, is used for maintenance of hygiene and stability of beehives. Research on stingless bee propolis shows therapeutic properties attributed to polyphenols exhibiting antioxidative, antihyperglycemic and antiischemic effect. However, the cardioprotective effect of stingless bee propolis on diabetic cardiomyopathy is unknown. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomised to five groups: normal group, diabetic group, diabetic given metformin (DM+M), diabetic given propolis (DM+P) and diabetic given combination therapy (DM+M+P) and treated for four weeks. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, food and water intake were taken weekly. At the end of experiment, biomarkers of oxidative damage were measured in serum and heart tissue. Antioxidants in heart tissue were quantified. Part of left ventricle of heart was processed for histological staining including Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain for myocyte size and Masson's Trichrome (MT) stain for heart fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis. Results: Propolis alleviated features of diabetic cardiomyopathy such as myocyte hypertrophy, heart fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis associated with improvement in antioxidative status. Conclusion: This study reports beneficial effect of propolis and combination with metformin in alleviating histopathological feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy by modulating antioxidants, making propolis an emerging complementary therapy.

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma in minor salivary gland

ABSTRACT Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma is a rare neoplasm usually confused with other neoplasms in the salivary glands region. It has great similarity with the breast carcinoma. We report a case of a patient who presented with gingival submucosal bleeding and lesion, with the initial histopathological examination revealing salivary gland neoplasm of low crane. Computed tomography revealed the lesion near the tooth 27, with extension to the floor of the left maxillary sinus and to the palate mucosa. Resection of the infra-structure was performed, with a diagnosis of breast cancer secretory carcinoma in the minor salivary gland.

Progress in diagnosis and treatment of CC16 in children pulmonary disease / 国际儿科学杂志

Clara cell secretory protein 16(CC16)is one of the most important secreted proteins of Clara cells in respiratory epithelium, which mainly exists in the lining fluid of lung epithelial cells.When the bronchoalveolus-capillary membrane barrier is damaged, a large amount of CC16 will enter the blood.It′s eventually excreted in the urine.In recent years, more and more studies have found that CC16 not only has anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, anti-oxidation and anti-fibrosis effects, but also is a sensitive indicator of the integrity of the airway epithelium, which can predict the occurrence and development of many children′s pulmonary diseases.This article mainly summarizes the biological characteristics and functions of CC16, and summarizes the research progress of CC16 in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary diseases.